Ideas are more interesting than labels.

Social Democracy

A reformist tradition combining a largely market-based economy with strong unions, universal services, redistribution, and competitive democracy.

Also listed as: Социал-демократия

Democratic Socialism

Aims to replace capitalism with social ownership while retaining political competition and democratic rights. Routes to social ownership vary.

Also listed as: Демократический социализм

Market Socialism

Combines social or worker ownership of productive assets with substantial use of market exchange.

Also listed as: Рыночный социализм

Marxism

A tradition of analysis centered on class relations, capitalism, and the prospect of a classless society; its institutional interpretations differ.

Also listed as: Марксизм

Marxism–Leninism

A revolutionary Marxist tradition advocating a vanguard party, centralized political direction, and predominantly state-owned planned production. Historical states have differed.

Also listed as: Марксизм-ленинизм

Council Communism

Advocates workers’ councils as the basis of socialist governance and rejects rule by a centralized party over workers.

Also listed as: Коммунизм рабочих советов

Libertarian Socialism

Seeks social ownership and equality through decentralized institutions, voluntary association, and worker self-management.

Also listed as: Либертарный социализм

Syndicalism

Places organized labor and federated unions at the center of economic management and social transformation.

Also listed as: Синдикализм

Anarcho-Communism

Advocates common ownership, distribution by need, and the abolition of the state and coercive hierarchy.

Also listed as: Анархо-коммунизм

Mutualism

An anti-capitalist tradition favoring reciprocal exchange, worker association, and possession-based property without a centralized state.

Also listed as: Мютюэлизм

Individualist Anarchism

Emphasizes personal autonomy and voluntary association without state authority; economic positions differ across writers.

Also listed as: Индивидуалистический анархизм

Classical Liberalism

Prioritizes individual rights, constitutional limits on government, private property, and market exchange.

Also listed as: Классический либерализм

Social Liberalism

Combines civil and political liberties with social protections and public action to widen effective opportunity.

Also listed as: Социал-либерализм

Neoliberalism

A policy tradition favoring market competition, privatization, and restrained economic intervention, often alongside strong market-enabling institutions.

Also listed as: Неолиберализм

Ordoliberalism

Favors competitive markets maintained by a strong legal framework that checks monopolies and supports social stability.

Also listed as: Ордолиберализм

Traditional Conservatism

Values inherited institutions, gradual change, social continuity, and established sources of authority.

Also listed as: Традиционалистский консерватизм

One-Nation Conservatism

Combines respect for established institutions and private enterprise with social obligation and measures to reduce severe inequality.

Christian Democracy

Draws on Christian social thought to support human dignity, family and community institutions, subsidiarity, and a social market economy.

Also listed as: Христианская демократия

Distributism

Seeks widely dispersed productive property, small enterprises, and cooperative institutions rather than concentrated corporate or state ownership.

Also listed as: Дистрибутизм

Georgism

Supports private enterprise while treating land value and natural rents as a common resource to be taxed for public benefit.

Also listed as: Джорджизм

Right-Libertarianism

Advocates strong private property rights, voluntary markets, and a very limited state.

Minarchism

Holds that the state should be limited chiefly to protecting rights, enforcing contracts, and providing security.

Also listed as: Минархизм

Left-Libertarianism

Emphasizes individual freedom and opposition to concentrated power while favoring egalitarian access to resources and workplaces.

Civic Nationalism

Understands national belonging primarily through shared citizenship and political institutions rather than ancestry.

National Conservatism

Places national sovereignty and cultural continuity at the center of conservative politics, usually within a private-property economy.

Also listed as: Национал-консерватизм

Ethnonationalism

Defines national membership primarily in terms of shared ethnic descent rather than citizenship alone; its institutional and economic forms vary.

Also listed as: Этнический национализм

Revolutionary Nationalism

Seeks a fundamental reorganization of political life around national independence and mobilization; economic programs differ between movements.

Green Politics

Prioritizes ecological sustainability, participatory institutions, and social justice, with varying positions on markets and ownership.

Also listed as: Зелёная политика

Technocracy

Favors governance and policy design by specialized experts, sometimes at the expense of direct popular decision-making.

Communitarianism

Emphasizes shared obligations, social institutions, and the role of communities in shaping individual life.

Also listed as: Коммунитаризм

Fascism

A revolutionary ultranationalist tradition favoring authoritarian leadership, mass mobilization, and subordination of pluralism and individual rights to the nation. Historical movements used political violence.

Also listed as: Фашизм

National Socialism

The racial ideology of the Nazi movement: an extreme form of fascism centered on racial hierarchy, antisemitism, dictatorship, and expansionism. Its historical regime carried out genocide.

Also listed as: Нацизм

National Bolshevism

A heterogeneous current combining radical nationalism with elements of Bolshevik economic and revolutionary politics. Movements bearing this name differ substantially across periods.

Also listed as: Национал-большевизм

Strasserism

The “second program” current of German national socialism around Gregor and Otto Strasser before 1933: revolutionary anti-Versailles nationalism joined to hostility toward finance capital and to demands for worker participation, while rejecting Marxist class politics. Otto Strasser broke with Hitler over the leadership principle and racial doctrine; Gregor Strasser was killed in 1934. Its economic program never separated from ultranationalist and authoritarian politics.

Also listed as: Штрассеризм

Étatism

Holds that the state should be the principal organizer of economic and social life through ownership, planning, industrial policy and administration, without necessarily abolishing private property or political competition. Variants run from interwar corporatist projects to postwar national development planning.